How to Upgrade RHEL Linux ....

Basic Linux Commands used daily

Navigation :

1. To print working directory :  pwd
2. To change directory            :  cd
3. To list files and contents of directories :  ls
4. To list files/direc in long format : ls –l
5. To list the hidden files/direc : ls –a
6. To view text files : less  text_file
7. To know what kind of a file it is : file name_of_file

Manipulating Files:

8. To Copy files and directories :   cp file1 filenew
9. To move or rename the files/directories : mv  file1  filenew
10. To remove the file/directories :   rm file
11. To make directory : mkdir

Working with commands:

12. Display Information about command type: type  command(ls,cp..etc)
13.  To locate the command : which command (ls…etc)
14. To display the reference page: help –m  command(cd..etc)
15. To display on-line command interface : man ls

I/O Redirection :

16. To redirect standard output to a file   : “ > “    ( ls  >  file_list.txt )
17. To redirect standard output to a file   : “ < ”    (sort <  file_list.txt > sorted_file.txt)
18. With pipeline the output of one command is fed into input of another :

             ls –l | less   

  rpm –qa| grep –i filename :   Rpm –qa  list  for all rpm files installed on system and  Grep Accweb  it  find any containing the string “accweb” and output them.

19. Filters:

sort : Sorts standard input then outputs the sorted result on standard output.

grep : Examines each line of data it receives from standard input and outputs every line that contains a specified pattern of characters.

tail : Outputs the last few lines of its input. (Ex : tail –f logs.txt)

Permissions:

20. to change the permissions of folders/files : Chmod  XXX filename
21. Temporarily become super user : su & sudo
22. Change file ownership of user :  chown  user filename
23. Change file ownership of group : chgrp  group filename
24. Change file ownership of user & group : chown  user:group filename

Job Control:

25. To know the process running  : ps  or jobs
26. to know the processes running on system   : Ps  aux
27. to find process with user  :           Ps  –u  name of User
28. to kill the process   : Kill -9  process name

 -9   Kill signal

-1   hang-up signal

-2 interrupt signal

-15 termination signal

Wildcards:

29. Matches any characters  :  *
30. Matches ant single character:  ?
31. All filenames  :  *
32. All filenames that begin with the character "g" :  g*
33. All filenames that begin with the character "b" and end with the characters ".txt" : b*.txt

Txt Editor:

34.  to edit the configuration/txt  file (command line)  : vi/vim 
35.  gedit is the editor supplied  (GUI)  : gedit

Searching:

36. Search  file by name  : Find -name "query"
37. Search file by type   : Find  -type  type_descriptor_query

                 Type decriptor :

F -  regular file

d- directory

I -symbolic link

38. Search  :  locate filename
39. We can use  locate/grep for searching :

grep  "codes"  install.log   : searh for word/string/line  in a file   (grep –n ,display with line number, grep –I it search for case sensitive )

grep -i  "codes"(Search string)   /root/install.log (path of file)

[root@localhost ~]# grep "codes" install.log

Installing iso-codes-3.16-2.el6.noarch

Remote Administration :

40. Can use ssh with a full hostname to connect to a remote machine : ssh hostname
41. Connect to a remote system with your current username :ssh username@hostname
42. Allows you to copy files from one computer/server to another computer/server : scp

Other Commands:

43. To know which user is logged : whoami
44. To know who recently  logged : users
45.  
46. history : for monitoring commands executed by user.
47.    Service :  for  start/stop/restart/status (Service httpd start,service red5 stop,…etc)
48. Top : to monitor system activities
49. df    - to know disk file space on machine (df –h  size in GB,df –m  sizein MB )
50. fdisk –l  - to  display with partitions
51. Netstat : give information about network connections (nestat –tcp  display all tcp connections)
52. Mount – for mounting formatted partitions

Basic Network Commands :   

53. Netstat :   to look up the various active connections within a computer
54. Traceroute : to know the number hop it travelled to reach destination.
55. Nslookup:   It is use for DNS quiery.

56. Dig : It is use for DNS quiery.It display full info.

57. Ifconfig  :  It is very useful in determining what could be wrong with a network.to know IP address.
58. Ifup:  enable interface
59. Ifdown : disable interface.
60. Ping :  PING is used to check for a response from another computer on the network.
61. Ping  -c  hostadress :
62.  

What command used to check Disk Space ?

1 Command to know disk space  :  df                

2 Command to know size in GB  :  df -h

3 Command to know size in MB  : df -m

How to change the Ownership of file/Group?

ls -lart tmpfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 himanshu family 0 2012-05-22 20:03 tmpfile

Before using command :

Command to change Ownership of file:  chown  root  tmpfile

Command to change Ownership of group : chgrp  friends tmpfile

After using command above:

ls -l tmpfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root friends 0 2012-05-22 20:03 tmpfile

What command used for finding the process running?

Command to see processes running   :  ps

Command to find the process run by user :  ps -u  Sukesh

What  Command to kill a process ?

                            Kill -9    process name

-9   Kill signal

-1   hangup signal

-2  interrupt signal

-15  termination signal

Search for a file by name ?

Find -name "query"

Search the file by type?

Find -type type_descriptor query

Type decriptor :

F -  regular file

d- directory

I -symbolic link

How  to know which user is logged?

Command :   whoami

Who recently  logged in?

Command  : users

How do we transfer file from one server to another?

          Command used  to establish ssh connection :   ssh  username@ IP

How we move file from one folder to another?

                            Command :       Mv   file name   remote folder path

How do we copy file from one folder to another folder?

                            Command:      cp  filename  remote folder path

What command use for add interface?

                  Command :            ifup

What command used fo remove interface?

                  Command :      ifdown

To know Current working Directory ?

Command used  : Pwd

Command to give permissions?

Chmod XXX  filename

777   rwx rwx rwx

rwx = 111 in binary = 7
rw- = 110 in binary = 6
r-x = 101 in binary = 5
r-- = 100 in binary = 4

Chmod 777 filename

IMS Technology for SIP Tester

IMS enables a packet -based Network to provide multiple services on single  control/service layers via different access networks.

IMS Requirements:

1. IP Multimedia sessions
2. QOS
3. Service control
4. Roaming
5. Internetworking
6. Rapid service creater
7. Multiple access

IMS Protocols:

1. SCF(Session Control Function)

       Cirtuit Switched network :-

                          TUP (Telephony User Part)

                           ISUP(ISDN User Part)

                           BICC(Bearer independent call control)

     Packet Switched Network:-

                                 SIP

                                   H.323

 2) AAA(Authentication, Authorization and Accounting)

                                Diameter

 3) Other protocols

                            Megaco(H248)

                                  RTP/RTCP

IMS was originally standardized by 3gpp.

Key components or Nodes of IMS architecture:

1. HSS and SLF
2. CSCF
3. AS
4. BGCF
5. Media Gateways
6. MRF

1. HSS & SLF :

HSS(Home Subscriber System)========:

It is a database of all subscriber and server data.

It is an Evolution of HLR(Home location register) which is in GSM.

It contain User Profiles used by control layer

It contain subscription information used by service layer

User profile contains

. User identity

.allocated s-cscf name

. Registration information and roaming profile

.authentication parameters

.control and service information

SLF (subscriber location function):

. An SLF is needed to map user address when multiple  HSSs are used.

. Network with Single HSS do not need SLF, On other hand networks with more than one HSS require SLF.

. Both HSS and  the SLF  communicate through the Diameter protocol

2. CSCF(Call session control function):

                           This is a sip server. There are  three types of CSCFs , depending on Functionalities they provide :-

1. PCSCF(proxy)
2. SCSCF(Serving)
3. ICSCF(interrogating)

PCSCF:

1. It is the first point of contact between  IMS terminal (UE) and IMS network.
2.  Its main functionalities are:-

•             It establishes number of IP sec security associations ( the ability to detect the content of message has changed  since its creation) towards the IMS terminal.
•                       It verifies the correctness of sip requests sent by IMS terminal and  forwards sip messages to SCSCF.
•              It forwards registration requests  received from UE  to I-CSCF
•              It forwards requests  and answer to the UE.
•              It also Includes Compressor  and de-compressor of SIP messages.
•              It authenticate  the User  and asserts the identity of the user  to  other nodes in the network.

•   It  also include PDF(policy decision Function).It is integrated with PCSCF or Standalone unit.PDF authorizes media plane and manages Quality of service over media plane.

 3) The PCSCF may be located either in Visited network or Home network.

ICSCF:

I CSCF  is Sip proxy located at the edge of  an administrative domain.

.It's IP Address is published in the DNS of the domain(using NAPTR and SRV type of DNS records)

 .It has an interface  to SLF and HSS.

. It Queries the HSS using Diameter cx Interface to retrieve the user location.

. It  also implements interface to Application servers, to route requests that are addressed

to services rather regular users.

. It may optionally encrypt  the parts of sip messages that contain sensitive information about the domain, DNS names and capacity. This functionality is called THIG(Topology hiding inter-network gateway.

. It is located in Home Network , In some special cases such as ICSCF(THIG) it may be located in visited network as well.

SCSCF:

S CSCF is the central node of the signalling plane.

. It is a sip server  always located  in home network.

. It Uses Diameter  cx and DX to upload or download user profiles, it has no local storage. All necessary information is stored in HSS.

.It handles SIP registrations, Which allows to bind User location/IP address and SIP address.

.It sits on path of Signalling message and can inspect every message.

.It decides to which application servers the sip message will be forwarded, in order to provide services.

.It  provide Routing Services typically using ENUM lookups.

.It enforces the policy of the network operator.

MRF:(Media Resource Function)    It provides a source of media in the home network .

.It is used for playing Announcements(audio/Video)

.It is used for Multimedia Conferencing( ex: Mixing audio streams)

.It is used for TTS(text-speech Conversion) and Speech recognition.

.It is used for transcoding between different codec

.It is used for obtain statistics and do any sort of media analysis.

It is mainly divided into two types:

MRFC and MRFP

MRFC(Media resource function controller):

.It is a signalling plane node that  acts as a Sip user agent for S-cscf and which controls the MRFP with a H.248 interface.

MRFP:(Media resource function processor):

.It is media plane node that implements all media related  functions, such as playing and mixing media.

MRF is located in Home network

BGCF(Break Out Gateway Control Function) :

.It is a Sip server  used for routing  Calls between the IMS terminal and PSTN phone.

.It routes based on Telephone numbers.

. It break out occurs in same network as the BGCF  then the BGCF select a MGCF that will be responsible  for  internetworking  with the PSTN  and forwards the signalling to MGCF. Other wise it forwards signalling to BGCF  of another operator.

.The MGCF then receives the signalling from BGCF and  manages the internetworking with PSTN network.

The PSTN/CS Gateway:

The internetworking with CS network is realized by several components for signaling, media and control functions.

SGW(Signalling Gateway):

.It is an interface  with signalling plane of CS network.

.It performs Lower layer protocol conversion.

.It transforms ISUP over MTP  into ISUP over SCTP/IP.

MGCF(Media Gateway Control Function):

>It performs call control protocol conversion between Sip and ISUP.

. It interfaces SGW over SCTP.

.It controls MGW with a H.248(Megaco) interface.

MGW: (Media Gateway)

. It is an interface with Media plane of CS network.

. It converts RTP to PCM

. It also performs media transcoding when Codecs doesn't match.

Application Server(AS):

              AS is a sip entity that hosts and executes services .

.It interface with  the S-CSCF and I-CSCF using Sip and HSS using Diameter.

. This allows third party  providers  and easy integration and deployment of their value added services to the IMS infrastructure.

There are three different types of Application servers:-

 SIP AS :- It hosts and executes IP multimedia services based on sip.

 OSA-SCS(open service Access-service capability server):-  It inherits OSA capabilities to access the IMS securely from external network.

IM SSF(IP multimedia Service switching system Function):    It allows a GSM SCF(GSM service control function)to control an IMS session. IMS SSF provides intelligent gateway functionality between sip based IMS network an IN systems that use  protocols such as CAMEL,INAP,AIN and MAP.

WireShark Filters with IPaddress & Port

Filter for  ip address:

Ip.addr ==  148.147.XX.XX

Ip.src  == 148.147.XX.XX   (Source IP address filter)

Ip.dst == 148.147.XX.XX      (Destination IP address filter)

Ip.src == 148.147.XX.XX &&  Ip.dst == 148.147.XX.XX  (Source and destination IP address filter)

Filter for Port:

Tcp.port == XXX  (TCP port filter)

Udp.port == XXX  (UDP Port filter)

Tcp.srcport==XXX (TCP port filter for source)

Udp.srcport==XXX  (TCP port filter for source)

Tcp.dstport==XXX(TCP port filter for destination)

Udp.dstport==XXX(UDP port filter for destination)

SIPp Commands

SIPp Commands:

Register  UAC

sudo ./sipp 1XX.1XX.2XX.2XX(Server IP) -t u1 -sf  Register.xml -inf  Register.csv -i 1XX.1XX.2XX.1XX (Local IP) -m 1 -trace_err -trace_msg -trace_logs 

Invite UAC

sudo ./sipp 1XX.1XX.2XX.2XX(Server IP) -t u1 -sf  Invite.xml -inf  Invite.csv -i 1XX.1XX.2XX.1XX (Local IP) -m 1 -trace_err -trace_msg -trace_logs

Register UAS

./sipp -sn Register.xml

Invite UAS

./sipp -sn Invite.xml

Use Command for 1000 Calls:-

sudo ./sipp 1XX.1XX.2XX.2XX(Server IP) -t u1 -sf  Invite.xml -inf  Invite.csv -i 1XX.1XX.2XX.1XX (Local IP) -m 1000 -l 10 -r 10 -rp 10000 -trace_err -trace_msg -trace_logs

-m   = Max number of calls you want generate (100,1000...etc)

-l    = Max Concurrent calls you want to generate , If Max number of call is high it may take more time to generate 

Example:-

-r   = Set the Call rate per second

-rp  =  rate period in milliseconds for call rate.

Example:-   -r 10  -rp 10000   =>   This means 10 calls for every 10 secs.

Register.XML UAS as Server Mode

Register.XML UAS as Server Mode


<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" ?>

<scenario name="Register UAS">
<recv request="REGISTER" />
<send><![CDATA[
      SIP/2.0 401 Authorization Required
      [last_Via:]
      [last_From:]
      [last_To:];tag=[pid]SIPpTag01[call_number]
      [last_Call-ID:]
      [last_CSeq:]
      Contact: <sip:[local_ip]:[local_port];transport=[transport]>
      WWW-Authenticate: Digest realm="test.example.com", nonce="47ebe028cda119c35d4877b383027d28da013815"
      Content-Length: [len]

    ]]>
  </send>
  <recv request="REGISTER" />
  </recv>
  <send retrans="500">
    <![CDATA[

       SIP/2.0 200 OK
      [last_Via:]
      [last_From:]
      [last_To:];tag=[call_number]
      [last_Call-ID:]
      [last_CSeq:]
      Contact: <sip:[local_ip]:[local_port];transport=[transport]>
      Content-Type: application/sdp
      Content-Length: 136
    ]]>
  </send>

SIPP(Invite.xml) as UAS Server mode

UAS  -  INVITE.xml :



<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" ?>
<!DOCTYPE scenario SYSTEM "sipp.dtd">

<!-- You will need to compile SIPp with OpenSSL support 'make ossl' to use this call scenario -->

<!-- Execute this script with SIPp using the following command assuming your UAS is 10.0.0.10 -->
<!-- Replace 10.0.0.10 with your SIP proxy’s address. The command will generate 10 calls (-r) per 10000 -->
<!-- milliseconds (-rp), max 100 concurrent calls (-l) and make a max of 100000 calls (-m) -->

<!-- ./sipp 10.0.0.10 -sf invite-auth-sdp-nomedia.xml -inf user-accounts.csv -m 100000 -l 100 -r 10 -rp 10000 -->

<scenario name="UAS INVITE">
 <recv request="INVITE" crlf="true">
      </recv>
 
   <!-- send 180 then trying if variable 3 is set -->
    <send>
    <![CDATA[

       SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
       [last_Via:]
       [last_From:]
      [last_To:];tag=[call_number]
      [last_Call-ID:]
      [last_CSeq:]
      Contact: <sip:[local_ip]:[local_port];transport=[transport]>
      Content-Length: 0

    ]]>
    </send>

  <send retrans="500">
    <![CDATA[

       SIP/2.0 200 OK
      [last_Via:]
      [last_From:]
      [last_To:];tag=[call_number]
      [last_Call-ID:]
      [last_CSeq:]
      Contact: <sip:[local_ip]:[local_port];transport=[transport]>
      Content-Type: application/sdp
      Content-Length: 136

      v=0
     o=user1 53655765 2353687637 IN IP4 127.0.0.1
      s=-
      t=0 0
      c=IN IP4 [media_ip]
      m=audio [media_port] RTP/AVP 0
      a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000

    ]]>
  </send>
<recv request="ACK"
       optional="true"
        rtd="true"
       crlf="true">
  </recv>

  <recv request="BYE">
  </recv>

  <send>
    <![CDATA[

     SIP/2.0 200 OK
     [last_Via:]
      [last_From:]
     [last_To:];tag=[call_number]
     [last_Call-ID:]
     [last_CSeq:]
     Contact: <sip:[local_ip]:[local_port];transport=[transport]>
      Content-Length: 0

    ]]>
 </send>

  <!-- definition of the response time repartition table (unit is ms) -->
  <ResponseTimeRepartition value="10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200"/>

  <!-- definition of the call length repartition table (unit is ms) -->
  <CallLengthRepartition value="10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000"/>


</scenario>